1866-7].  CITY  DOCUMENT.  [No.  4.  ' ^ 


report 


UPON  THE  REMOVAL  OF 


SWILL  AND  HOUSE  OFFAL, 

AND  OTHER  SUBJECTS. 


PRESENTED  TO  THE  BOARD  OF  HEALTH,  JUNE  2oth.  1866,  BY  THE 
SUPERINTENDENT  OF  HEALTH. 


PROVIDENCE: 

PROVIDENCE  PRESS  COMPANY,  PRINTERS  TO  THE  CITY. 
1 8 6 6. 


REPORT 


Office  of  the  Superintendent  of  Health,  ) 
Providence,  June  25,  1866.  J 

To  THE  Honorable  the  Board  of  Aldermen: 

There  are  several  subjects  to  which  I wish  to  call  your  atten- 
tion at  this  time.  ^ 

SWILL  AND  HOUSE  OFFAL. 

Owinp; to  the  unusual  interest  that  has  been  awakened  amono; 
the  people,  in  relation  to  the  removal  of  filth  and  nuisances  from 
the  city,  the  complaints  that  swill  is  not  removed  have  largely 
increased.  The  subject  is  more  perplexing,  and  is  surrounded 
with  more  difficulties  than  the  people  generally  suppose.  Pre- 
vious to  the  establishment  of  the  office  of  Superintendent  of 
Health,  it  was  the  custom  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen  to  contract 
with  one  person  to  remove  the  swill  and  house  offal  from  the 
city,  and  the  expense  to  the  city  was  from  S‘800  to  $1600 
annually. 

The  arrangement  gave  general  dissatisfaction,  and  the  com- 
plaints were  numerous  and  constant.  When  the  subject  was 
placed  under  my  charge,  I thought  to  remedy  the  trouble  by 
dividing  the  city  into  smaller  districts,  and  making  contracts  with 
persons  who  would  give  more  personal  attention  to  it.  I was 
able  to  find  persons  who  were  willing  to  make  contracts  to 


4 


SWILL  AND  HOUSE  OFFAL. 


remove  the  swill  without  pay,  thus  saving  from  $800  to  $1600 
annually,  to  the  city.  This  plan  has  been  continued  to  the 
present  time,  except  that,  in  some  years,  we  have  been  obliged 
to  pay  a small  sum,  not  exceeding  fifty  dollars  for  each  ward,  to 
the  contractors.  At  present,  nothing  is  paid,  the  swill  itself 
beino;  considered  a sufficient  remuneration. 

o 

So  far  as  efficiency  in  the  removal  of  the  swill  is  concerned,  it 
is  found  that  it  makes  no  difference  whether  the  contractors  are 
paid  or  not.  There  are  no  more  complaints  now  than  formerly, 
and  in  the  larger  portion  of  the  city  the  swill  is  removed  as 
thoroughly  as  it  ever  has  been  at  any  previous  period.  But  the 
whole  system  of  contracting  with  private  persons  to  remove  the 
swill  is  a failure,  and  I have  so  reported  to  your  Board  at  different 
times. 

The  following  extracts  from  a report  to  the  Board  of  Aider- 
men,  made  August  15,  1857,  will  show  some  of  the  difficulties 
with  which  the  subject  is  surrounded,  and  every  word  of  it  is 
literally  true  at  the  present  time : 

‘‘  It  is  becoming  evident  that  this  plan  will  not  meet  the  wants 
of  the  public  convenience,  nor  of  the  public  health.  Though 
the  work  is  done,  the  present  year,  quite  as  faithfully,  if  not  more 
so,  than  ever  before,  the  complaints  are  numerous  from  all 
parties,  and  the  system  seems  to  give  satisfaction  neither  to  the 
public  nor  to  the  swill  contractors. 

‘‘  The  swill  contractors  complain  that  a host  of  persons,  living 
just  beyond  the  city  limits,  keep  swine,  and  come  into  the  city 
and  steal  and  beg  a considerable  portion  of  the  swill,  thus  ren- 
dering it  impossible  for  the  contractors  to  obtain  swill  enough  to 
pay  for  the  expense  of  running  their  carts.  They  also  complain 
that  some  persons  put  oyster  shells,  bottles  of  medicine,  and 
numerous  other  articles  into  the  swill. 

“ The  complaints  from  the  people  are  of  every  description, 
and  of  the  most  opposite  character.  The  most  numerous  com- 
plaints are,  that  the  swill  is  not  removed,  though  it  is  frequently 
found  that  the  persons  making  these  complaints  have  previously 
given  their  swill  to  unlicensed  persons,  and  refused  it  to  the  swill 
contractors. 


SWILL  AND  HOUSE  OFFAL. 


5 


“ A large  number  of  persons  have  presented  earnest  petitions 
to  the  Board  of  Health,  complaining  that  unlicensed  swill 
gatherers  come  into  their  yards,  without  permission,  and  steal 
the  swill.  They  complain  that  these  persons  pour  the  swill 
on  the  ground  and  take  such  portions  as  they  choose — thus 
creating  a most  offensive  nuisance.  They  complain  that  these 
persons  steal  clothes  and  other  articles  within  their  reach.  They 
complain  that,  frequently,  these  swill  thieves  are  in  league  with 
the  servants,  and  that,  while  taking  the  swill,  they  are  assisted 
to  take  quantities  of  valuable  food,  groceries  and  other  articles. 
These  citizens,  therefore,  earnestly  request  that  these  unlicensed 
swill  gatherers  may  be  prosecuted,  and  that  they  may  be  pro- 
tected in  giving  their  swill  to  the  regular  swill  contractors. 

“ Another  class  of  citizens  complains  because  the  unlicensed 
swill  gatherers  are  prosecuted,  and  because  they  are  deprived  of 
the  privilege  of  giving  their  swill  to  such  persons  as  they  choose. 

“ Another  serious  trouble  in  relation  to  the  swill  and  offal  is, 
that  a large  portion  of  our  citizens  do  not  realize  the  importance 
of  having  it  removed,  and  will  sooner  throw  it  into  the  yard  or 
into  the  street  than  take  the  trouble  to  save  it  for  the  swill 
gatherer.  Thus  we  find,  that  there  is  trouble  in  the  enforcement 
of  the  present  laws,  and  trouble  in  their  non-enforcement ; and 
the  consequence  of  all  the  trouble  is  the  worst  fact  of  all,  namely, 
that  a large  portion  of  the  swill  and  house  offal  is  not  removed 
from  the  city,  but  is  left  to  decompose  and  excite  disease  among 
the  people.  In  some  conditions  of  the  atmosphere,  particularly 
when  there  is  excessive  heat  and  moisture,  and  when  there  is 
any  epidemic  influence  prevailing,  the  impure  air  arising  from 
these  collections  of  swill  and  house  offal,  is  a most  injurious 
nuisance  and  a prolific  source  of  diseases.  The  danger  is  still 
greater  when,  as  is  frequently  the  case,  the  swill  and  offal  are 
deposited  in  cellars,  or  are  thrown  into  privy  vaults. 

REMEDIES  FOR  THE  SWILL  NUISANCE. 

‘‘  The  remedies  for  the  evils  resulting  from  the  present  system 
for  the  removal  of  swill  and  house  offal,  remain  to  be  considered. 
The  present  system,  if  it  could  be  relied  upon  to  accomplish  the 


6 


SWILL  AND  HOUSE  OFFAL. 


object,  is  the  most  economical.  But  it  does  not  accomplish  the 
object.  The  swill  is  not  removed,  and  after  a trial  of  many 
years,  the  system  must  be  pronounced  a failure. 

‘‘  I am  satisfied  that  the  swill  and  house  offal,  in  this  city,  will 
never  be  effectually  removed,  so  long  as  those  who  remove  it 
are  dependent,  to  any  extent,  for  their  remuneration,  upon  the 
quantity  and  value  of  the  swill  they  can  collect.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  if  the  swill  contractors  could  have  all  the  swill  and 
house  offal  in  the  city,  and  could  receive  it  in  good  condition,  it 
would  be  worth  the  expense  of  the  collection  and  removal.  But 
under  the  present  laws  and  habits  of  the  community,  this  can 
never  be  insured  to  them.  They  can  obtain  only  a portion  of 
the  swill,  and  much  of  that  in  a worthless  condition.  The 
quantity  obtained,  by  daily  visits  to  a large  portion  of  the  houses 
in  the  city,  is  so  small  that  it  will  not  pay  for  the  trouble  of 
collecting,  though,  if  suffered  to  remain,  this  small  quantity  may 
become  a very  great  nuisance.” 

Such  were  the  views  I presented  to  your  Board  in  1857,  in 
relation  to  the  swill  nuisance,  and  the  experience  of  nine  years 
since  that  time,  with  the  complaints  which  are  daily  brought  to 
my  notice,  fully  confirm  their  correctness. 

The  remedies  which  I proposed  at  that  time  were  as  follows  ; 
and  with  some  slight  modifications,  I can  propose  nothing  better 
at  this  time : 

‘‘  1.  Define  the  meaning  of  the  words  ‘ swill,’  and  ‘ house 
offal.’ 

2.  Require  all  the  swill  and  house  oflPal,  from  every  house, 
to  be  removed  out  of  the  city,  daily,  during  the  months  of  June, 
July,  August  and  September;  tri-weekly  during  the  months  of 
April,  May  and  October;  and  semi-weekly  during  the  months 
of  November,  December,  January,  February  and  March. 

‘‘  3.  Require  every  house-keeper  to  place  the  swill  and  house 
offal  in  a suitable  vessel,  and  in  a convenient  place  for  removal. 

“4.  Authorize  the  employment,  by  the  city,  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Board  of  Health,  of  a sufficient  number  of  horses, 
water-tight  covered  carts,  and  drivers,  to  remove  all  the  swill 
and  house  offal ; the  carts  to  be  plainly  marked  ‘ city  swill 


SWILL  AND  HOUSE  OFFAL. 


7 


carts  to  give  notice  of  their  approach  by  horns  or  bells ; and 
the  drivers  to  be  under  obligation  to  visit  every  house  in  their 
district  and  faithfully  to  remove  the  swill. 

5.  Authorize  the  sale  of  the  swill  and  house  offal,  by  the 
city,  to  be  delivered  on  scows  or  at  some  convenient  depot ; the 
same  to  be  removed,  daily,  to  a sufficient  distance  beyond  the 
city  limits. 

6.  Authorize  the  granting  of  licenses  to  other  persons  to 
remove  the  swill  and  house  offal  from  those  houses,  the  occupants 
of  wffiicli  shall  make  a request  to  that  effect,  in  writing,  and 
provided  persons  so  licensed  shall  give  bonds  to  remove  the  swill 
as  frequently  as  the  city  carts  ; to  remove  it  for  one  year,  at 
least ; and  to  remove  it  at  least  one  mile  beyoi)d  the  city  limits  ; 
and  provided  they  shall  engage  not  to  keep  any  swine  within 
that  distance  of  the  city ; and  provided  they  shall  remove  the 
swill  in  water-tight  covered  carts,  the  carts  to  be  marked  ‘ pri- 
vate swill  carts,’  with  the  owner’s  name,  in  plain  letters. 

“ 7.  Strictly  forbid  any  person  from  removing  swill,  without 
a license,  or  in  any  manner,  excepting  in  water-tight  covered 
carts ; and  particularly  forbid  the  collection  of  swill  by  women 
and  children. 

“ Such  are  a few  of  the  provisions  of  an  ordinance  which,  it 
seems  to  me,  would  be  effectual  to  accomplish  the  removal  of 
the  swill  and  house  offal  from  the  city,  and  to  avoid  the  diffi- 
culties wffiich  exist  under  the  present  regulations. 

An  ordinance,  somewhat  similar  to  the  above,  has  been  in 
force  in  the  city  of  Baltimore  for  three  or  four  years,  and  that 
city  has  enjoyed  some  remarkable  exemptions  from  epidemics, 
wdiicli  seem  to  show  that  its  sanitary  regulations  are  worthy  of 
imitation.  In  Baltimore,  the  ‘ city  garbage  carts  ’ visit  ‘ every 
street,  lane  and  alley,  not  less  than  three  times  a week,  on  alter- 
nate days,  from  the  first  day  of  November  until  the  first  day  of 
May ; and  daily,  (Sundays  excepted,)  from  the  first  day  of  May 
until  the  first  day  of  November,  for  the  removal  of  offal  and 
coal  ashes  from  the  dwellings  and  other  places,  within  the 
several  districts  of  the  city.’ 

Whether  the  garbage  is  all  removed  in  Baltimore,  under  this 
arrangement,  I know  not ; but  we  may  be  certain  that  no  more 


8 


SWILL  AND  HOUSE  OFFAL. 


is  removed  than  ought  to  be.  During  the  year  1854,  in  that 
city,  38^420  loads  of  garbage,  including  coal  ashes,  were  removed 
by  the  city  carts.  The  average  weight  per  load  was  2036 
pounds  ; the  average  quantity  to  each  house  in  tlie  city  was  2263 
pounds;  and  the  average  cost  was  44  cents  per  load,  or  2.3  cents 
per  100  pounds.  In  1856,  in  the  same  city,  52,476  loads  were 
removed,  at  an  expense  of  43.7  cents  per  load.  The  population 
of  Baltimore  is  about  four  times  that  of  Providence.  With 
regard  to  the  system  in  operation  in  Baltimore,  the  reports  of 
the  Board  of  Health  of  that  city  say : 

So  far  as  relates  to  the  cleaning  of  streets  and  the  removal 
of  garbage,  we  have  been  peculiarly  fortunate  in  securing  a 
system  which  time  and  experience  has  demonstrated  to  be  ample 
in  its  comprehension,  and  eminently  useful  in  its  results.  The 
present  system  has  proved  abundantly  sufficient  for  all  street 
sanitary  purposes.’  ” 

This  plan  would  undoubtedly  be  effectual,  and  my  opinion 
now  is  what  it  was  nine  years  since,  that  no  other  plan  will  give 
satisfaction,  and  accomplish  the  object  desired,  namely,  the 
removal  of  all  the  swill  and  offal  from  the  city. 

But  this  plan  involves  considerable  expense,  and  requires 
time  to  put  it  in  operation.  I would  again  recommend  the 
subject  to  your  consideration,  and  would  suggest  that  a commit- 
tee be  appointed  to  examine  it,  and  report  such  action  as  may 
be  deemed  advisable  in  the  future. 

For  the  exigencies  of  the  present  moment  we  must  depend 
upon  our  present  system,  with  sut?h  improvements  as  we  may  be 
able  to  obtain.  In  connection  with  the  Chief  of  Police,  I have 
already  taken  measures  to  secure  a more  effectual  compliance 
with  the  arrangements  and  regulations  now  existing,  and  think 
it  will  be  secured. 

The  present  contractors  have  engaged  to  do  the  work  faith- 
fully, and  in  accordance  with  the  stringent  rules  adopted  by  your 
Board,  November  2,  1857.^  If  their  agreement  is  not  fulfilled, 
we  have  the  power  to  annul  the  contracts  and  give  them  to  other 
persons.  Their  contracts  will  expire  December  31,  1866. 

*See  page  13. 


SLAUGHTER  HOUSE. 


9 


As  I have  already  said,  I think  the  present  excitement  upon 
the  subject,  among  the  people,  arises  more  from  increased  interest 
in  the  removal  of  filth  than  from  any  unusual  neglect  on  the  part 
of  the  swill  contractors. 

A few  persons,  and  with  good  reasons,  make  bitter  complaints 
that  their  swill  is  not  removed,  and  the  number  of  complaints  is 
much  greater  than  it  should  be ; but  it  should  be  remembered 
that  the  persons  who  do  not  make  any  complaint,  and  are  sup- 
posed to  be  satisfied,  can  be  counted  by  hundreds  to  one  of  those 
who  have  cause  for  complaint. 

The  greater  portion  of  the  complaints  come  from  two  wards 
of  the  city  and  from  part  of  another  ward,  and  there  is  good 
reason  for  them  ; but  in  the  rest  of  the  city  there  is  very  little 
complaint. 

No  one  can  appreciate  the  importance  of  having  the  swill 
removed  promptly  from  the  city  more  than  I do,  and  whatever 
can  be  done  to  accomplish  this  object,  by  law'  or  otherwise,  will 
most  certainly  be  done. 

SLAUGHTER  HOUSE. 

We  have  but  one  slaughter  house  within  the  limits  of  the 
city.  That  is  almost  surrounded  wdth  dw’elling  houses,  and  is  a 
most  serious,  dangerous  and  offensive  nuisance  to  a large  num- 
ber of  people.  It  is  not  neces.sary  to  describe  the  causes  wdiich 
render  slaughter  houses  at  all  times,  and  under  all  circum- 
stances, nuisances  in  the  compact  portions  of  any  city.  It  is 
sufficient  to  say  that  such  locations  for  slaughter  houses  are 
universally  condemned,  and  the  authorities  of  all  our  cities  are 
taking  measures  to  remove  them. 

From  two  examinations  that  I have  made  of  the  slaughter 
house  in  this  city,  it  is  my  opinion  that,  owdng  to  local  circum- 
stances and  the  want  of  an  abundance  of  w'ater,  it  is  not  kept 
in  as  good  order  as  slaughter  houses  in  some  other  cities.  At 
any  rate,  when  I have  seen  it,  it  has  been  very  offensive  to  the 
sight  and  to  the  senses.  I consider  it  a serious  nuisance,  dan- 
gerous to  health,  and  a great  and  constant  annoyance  to  the 
neighborhood. 

2 


10 


SWEEPING  THE  STREETS. 


I would  recommend  that  the  subject  be  referred  to  the  City 
Solicitor,  with  instructions  to  commence  immediately  such  legal 
measures  as  may  be  necessary  to  remove  the  nuisance  from  the 
city,  in  the  speediest  manner  possible. 

THE  STREETS. 

Under  the  effects  of  the  hot  sun  of  the  last  few  days,  the 
paved  streets  in  the  central  portions  of  the  city  are  fast  becoming 
as  offensive  and  dangerous  to  health  as  they  were  last  summer. 
Every  one  knows  that  in  streets  which  are  used  so  much,  large 
quantities  of  horse  manure  and  other  filth  must^  accumulate 
every  day,  and  common  sense  shows  that  the  moistening  of  this 
filth  daily,  by  street  watering,  in  hot  weather,  must  promote 
rapid  decomposition  and  the  production  of  volumes  of  impure 
air  which  is  dano;erous  to  health. 

If  not  watered,  the  filth  would  soon  become  perfectly  dessi- 
cated,  and  though  the  dust  might  be  a great  annoyance,  it  would 
be  far  less  injurious  to  health  than  the  impure  air  which  arises 
from  its  decomposition. 

It  has  become  evident  that  the  streets  will  not  be  thoroughly 
swept  by  private  enterprise,  and  in  my  opinion,  a proper  regard 
for  the  public  health  demands  that  your  Board  should  either 
forbid  entirely  the  watering  of  the  streets,  or  else  provide  that 
the  principal  streets  should  be  thoroughly  swept,  every  day,  at 
the  expense  of  the  city. 

SANITARY  PRECAUTIONS. 

The  increase  of  cases  of  cholera  In  New  York,  and  some 
slight  indications  of  choleraic  influence  in  this  and  other  cities, 
call  upon  us  to  be  sure  that  every  needed  precaution  is  made  to 
meet  the  disease. 

If  we  should  have  a case  of  cholera,  I should  consider  it 
necessary  to  take  active  and  prompt  measures  to  cleanse  and 
disinfect  the  house  and  premises  where  it  was  found.  An 
increase  of  cases  would  require  additional  measures  for  cleansing 
and  additional  expense  for  disinfectants.  If  the  indications  of 


MEDICINES  FOR  THE  POOR. 


11 


sickness  should  increase,  I should  consider  it  the  duty  of  the 
city  to  use  disinfectants  for  some  few  of  the  street  sewers,  at 
the  openings  of  which,  though  very  ofFensive,  I am  sorry  to  say 
no  traps  have  been  provided,  though  I have  often  called  atten- 
tion to  the  danger,  and  though  the  traps  have  twice  been  or- 
dered to  be  constructed  by  formal  vote  of  your  Board,  and  of 
the  City  Council. 

To  be  provided  for  exigencies  which  may  occur,  I would  ask 
that  I may  be  authorized  to  take  sucli  measures  as  may  be  neces- 
sary for  cleansing  houses,  purchasing  disinfectants,  &c.,  at  the 
expense  of  the  city.  So  far  as  possible,  everything  will  be  done 
at  the  expense  of  the  owners  or  occupants  of  estates;  but  cases 
may  probably  occur  when  no  delay  can  be  had,  and  the  most 
immediate  action  will  be  necessary.  I suppose  this  may  be  done 
under  the  regular  appropriation  for  the  Health  Department. 

MEDICINES  FOR  THE  POOR. 

In  cases  of  cholera,  or  of  the  preliminary  diarrhoea  which 
usually  precedes  cholera,  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that 
medical  attendance  and  medicine  should  be  obtained  immedi- 
ately. In  fact,  the  only  hope  of  relief  depends  upon  immediate 
action. 

Many  of  the  class  of  persons  which  is  likely  to  suffer  most 
from  the  cholera,  are  unable  to  obtain  the  proper  medicines^  or 
mav  on  account  of  the  expense,  be  inclined  to  delay  obtaining 
them.  Besides  this,  there  is  not  sufficient  provision  in  this  city 
for  obtaining  medicines  promptly  at  any  hour  of  the  night. 
Provision  should  be  made  so  that  any  person  can  obtain  medi- 
cine promptly  at  any  hour,  and  if  they  are  unable  to  pay  for  it, 
they  should  be  able  to  get  it  on  recommendation  of  any  physi- 
cian. 

It  is  probable  that  very  few  persons  would  avail  themselves 
of  this  mode  of  obtaining  the  medicine,  and  that  the  expense  of 
making  such  provision  would  be  very  small. 

I would  recommend  that  a committee  be  appointed  to  ascer- 
tain what  provision  can  be  made  for  having  one  or  two  apothe- 
cary’s shops  on  each  side  of  the  river  kept  open  at  all  hours,  and 


12 


SANITARY  PRECAUTIONS. 


for  furnishing  medicine  to  the  poor  gratis.  Perliaps  some 
arrangement  can  be  made  for  this  object  with  the  Providence 
Dispensary. 

OTHER  PREPARATIONS. 

Some  months  since  I recommended  that  application  be  made 
to  the  Secretary  of  War  for  permission  to  use,  if  necessary,  the 
barracks  on  the  Cove  lands.  I understand  that  nothing  has 
been  done,  and  that  the  buildings  are  to  be  sold,  at  auction,  on 
Thursday  next. 

The  exigency  may  occur  when  it  would  be  of  very  great 
importance  to  use  some  of  those  buildings  for  hospital  purposes, 
or  for  the  temporary  accommodation  of  families  which  it  may 
be  necessary  to  remove  from  infected  localities. 

The  buildino;s  cannot  be  sold  for  more  than  their  value  as  old 
lumber,  and  I would  suggest  that  a committee  be  authorized  to 
examine  them,  and  if  they  thought  proper,  to  purchase  some  of 
them  for  the  city. 

I do  not  make  these  recommendations  because  there  is  any- 
thing unusual  or  alarming  in  the  present  indications  in  relation 
to  the  cholera.  The  city  generally  continues  remarkably  healthy 
for  the  season,  and  so  far  as  I can  judge,  the  prospects  do  not 
indicate  the  probability  of  any  severe  epidemic. 

But  it  is  wise  to  be  prepared  for  any  exigency;  for  when 
such  exigency  does  occur  it  is  then  too  late  to  make  the  neces- 
sary preparations  for  it. 

Respectfully, 

EDWIN  M.  SNOW,  M.  D., 

Superintendent  of  Health. 


SWILL  AND  HOUSE  OFFAL, 


13 


SWILL  AND  HOUSE  OFFAL. 

In  Board  of  Aldermen^  November  2,  1857,  the  following 
rules  and  regulations  in  relation  to  the  removal  of  swill  and 
house  offal  were  adopted,  and  are  still  in  force  : 

First.  All  swill  and  house  offal  shall  be  removed  from  each 
house  in  the  city  every  day  during  the  months  of  June,  July, 
August,  September  and  October,  three  times  each  week  during 
the  months  of  April  and  May,  and  twice  each  week  during  the 
months  of  November,  December,  January,  February  and  March. 

Second.  All  swill  and  house  offal  shall  be  collected  and  re- 
moved from  the  city  in  water-tight  covered  carts  or  wagons, 
drawn  by  one  or  more  horses,  and  no  cart  or  wagon  shall  be 
used  for  collecting  or  removino;  swill  and  house  offal  until  the 
same  shall  have  been  examined  and  approved  by  the  City  Mar- 
shal. Everj^  cart  or  wagon  used  for  collecting  and  removing 
swill  and  house  offal  shall  be  plainly  marked  “ Swill  Cart,”  and 
with  the  name  of  the  owner  and  and  such  other  marks  as  shall 
be  required  by  the  Superintendent  of  Health. 

Third.  All  swill  and  house  offal  collected  by  the  city  shall 
be  removed  at  least  half  a mile  beyond  the  limits  of  the  city, 
and  no  license  shall  be  granted  to  any  person  to  collect  swill  and 
house  offal  in  the  city,  unless  he  shall  give  sufficient  bonds  that 
he  will  not  keep  any  swine  within  half  a mile  of  the  city  limits. 

Fourth.  The  covers  of  all  carts  or  wagons  used  for  collecting 
swill  and  house  oflFal  in  the  city,  shall  be  kept  tightly  closed 
while  they  are  being  driven  through  the  streets. 

Fifth.  No  license  shall  be  granted  to  any  person  to  collect 
and  remove  swill  and  house  offal,  unless  such  person  shall  give 
good  and  sufficient  bonds  to  remove  said  swill  and  house  offal 
strictly  in  accordance  with  the  above  rules  and  regulations. 


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